Abstract:
Understanding variation in social grouping patterns among animal taxa is an enduring goal of etholo-
gists, who seek to evaluate the selective pressures shaping the evolution of sociality. Cohesive association
with conspeci cs increases intragroup feeding competition and may impose constraints on group size.
Furthermore, in sexually dimorphic species, males and females may have different nutritional re-
quirements, which can lead to suboptimal foraging in mixed-sex groups. How do animals living in
permanent social groups mitigate these foraging costs? Niche differentiation is often hypothesized as a
mechanism, but rigorous and detailed tests of the extent and context of differences in diet and habitat
use, key tenets of this hypothesis, are rare. We investigated the potential for niche differentiation in
foraging activity budget and environment use in a population of wild white-faced capuchin monkeys,
Cebus imitator, in northwestern Costa Rica. Using a robust data set of 15 879 foraging scan samples
collected from four groups over 13 months, we found that smaller individualse e.g. juveniles and fe-
malese forage more often on smaller branches. We additionally found clear evidence of predator-
sensitive foraging wherein the smallest individuals spent less time on the ground during invertebrate
foraging. Importantly, niche differentiation was far more evident overall during invertebrate foraging,
likely due to spatial constraints and environmental homogeneity imposed by fruit patches. In summary,
we found considerable variation in habitat use across age and sex classes, likely attributable to differ-
ences in size and relative predation risk. These variables likely reduce intraspeci c feeding competition
by promoting differential diet and habitat use. Our results also provide insight into the limits of niche
differentiation as a strategy for competition reduction and may shed light on the evolution of ssion
efusion dynamics in highly frugivorous species.
